3D印刷行业访谈系列均观察低碳发电3 d打印技术和可再生能源continues with deep dive into the application of additive manufacturing for solar energy.
丹尼尔·克拉克（Daniel Clark）说：“ 3D打印有可能改变太阳能行业。”企业家拥有体积太阳能和3D打印的多项专利，是太阳能公司T3DP的创始人
I spoke to Clark about the efficiency inroads additive manufacturing is making in the development of next-generation photovoltaics, and the potential for the technology to unlock a new era of solar energy.
根据BP的最新世界能源的统计评论, solar power recorded its largest-ever increase in 2020, and alongside wind accounted for超过90％of the entire renewable energy sector’s growth across the year. This growth is also reflected in the rising market value of the sector, with the global solar energy market预计价值4220亿美元在2022年，2015年为860亿美元。
太阳在太阳能3D打印上升起
太阳能仍然是水力发电和陆上风的第三大可再生电力技术，发电量增加了record 23 percent in 2020compared to 2019.
虽然该技术的加上点包括帮助人们节省账单并变得独立，但还有几个警告，例如高前期成本，较大的空间需求以及制造光伏面板的环境影响。实际上，生产一个硅太阳能电池板需要130升油和一个estimated 78 million metric tons到2050年，有毒太阳能电池板废物最终将进入垃圾填埋场。
几年前，围绕3D打印的增材制造业中有一系列活动，更有效，low-cost photovoltaics, spurred on by various太阳能创新竞赛launched by the likes of the美国能源部。但是，从那时起，这一领域似乎有些拖延。
Recently, though, there seems to have been a resurgence of activity in this field, with the Chemistry of Thin Film Materials (CTFM) laboratory at theUniversity of Erlangenin Germany宣布赠款来自European Research Council(ERC) to rapidly prototype solar cells using its atomic-layer additive manufacturing technology. The lab hopes to bring the solar cells to market with the help ofFormnext启动挑战2021winner，原子层3D打印机开发人员ATLANT 3D Nanosystems。
One firm that has remained very active in this field is California-based start-upT3DP，由克拉克（Clark）创立applying its patented volumetric 3D printing techniqueto build perovskite-based solar panels since 2019.
自然风格的体积3D打印
T3DP从昆虫眼的蜂窝结构中汲取灵感，设计了一个新型的太阳能电池，能够以传统的，基于硅的细胞的成本捕获三倍的能量。该过程还允许通过丢弃的太阳能电池板重使用玻璃在接近碳中性的碳中和生产中微极性细胞。
“Volumetric 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize the solar industry by increasing the power output two to three times that of flat silicon panels,” Clark says. “A typical flat solar panel produces 200 watts per meter squared, while our designs can reach 400-600 watts in the same area.”
体积3D打印是一个过程，能够克服低吞吐量，几何限制，结构缺陷以及通常与添加剂制造相关的缩放率关注，这是通过在单个步骤中固化对象而不是逐层固定对象。
克拉克与亚历山大·利普特（Alexander Lippert）团队合作，化学副教授南方卫理公会大学（SMU），开发和商业化独特的体积3D打印机，称为3D灯垫，专门为太阳能电池制造的各种复杂组件的3D打印而设计。
该打印机通过使用可拍照的光启动剂将聚合直接直到两个不同波长的光的相交点进行操作，从而产生高分辨率的3D组件。T3DP与Astertech建立了战略合作伙伴关系，该公司与空军研究实验室（AFRL）已经开发了一种使用其3D灯垫打印机生产的复合物SMU和Clark在复杂表面上制造高质量太阳能电池的气溶胶辅助钙钛矿沉积法。
克拉克（Clark）的体积3D打印专利于去年授予了四年申请流程，IP现在由体积3D打印初创公司使用Xolo。
尽管没有实际的应用场景s that Clark can publicly talk about right now due to a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) with xolo, he says: “While the volumetric 3D printing technology is awesome, it’s still two to three years away before we will see any major mainstream applications. However, the printer is the beachhead to my new Subzero Molding and Embossing technology that can scale the manufacturing of our micro 3D solar cell substrates from recycled solar panel glass.
“We have some continuation of patents that include a new True Volumetric Display from Lightfield Labs’ Solid Light.”
Lightfield Labs正在开发下一代全息显示技术，并得到跨国技术公司之类的支持博世which, Clark says, will have an interest in the LightPAD 3D printer and its pending patents going forwards.
使用下一代高级制造缩放太阳能
Clark的零下制造技术是为了从可回收的太阳能电池板玻璃中大量生产柔性光滑的太阳能电池底物的批量生产，这些太阳能电池板不需要后处理或抛光。该过程涉及将压碎的再生玻璃与GlassomerUV Curable Resin and特森3d创世纪发展树脂并将材料“冲”成带有超小微型LED印在印记的3D尖刺金字塔形状。
据报道，该技术比仅3D打印的速度要快数千倍，克拉克认为该技术也可以有效地应用于半导体行业，以改善其绿色足迹。
Regarding the current state of the solar energy generation field, Clark offers: “The current silicon solar sector is dominated and controlled by China. The price of Silicon was up 300 percent in 7-8 weeks last October. As this trend continues upwards I see an opportunity for the Western world to reignite an extinguished flame through advanced manufacturing of aesthetically appealing solar that will be difficult to counterfeit.
“I foresee our advanced one-step Volumetric 3D Printing and unique Subzero Forming processes to create a synergistic dichotomy to balance the solar manufacturing power back to the EU, USA, and the Western world.”
克拉克也适用于Villara Energy SystemsVillagrid储能系统的开发商声称比传统家用电池提供更多的电力，更安全和更有用的生活。尽管该公司尚未使用Clark的体积3D打印技术，但他说，有一天该过程可以帮助加利福尼亚州萨克拉曼多县的电池和太阳能制造工厂进行大规模制造电池和太阳能电池的大规模制造。
确保订阅我们的新闻and don’t miss the next installment of the series, where we will be looking at how 3D printing is helping to bring the hydrogen economy closer to reality.
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Featured image showsa hexagonal part of a larger solar panel by T3DP. Image via T3DP.
