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斯里兰卡的研究人员斯里Jayewardenepura大学和英国人诺森比亚大学已经确定了3D打印火焰 - 粘着混凝土墙的最佳参数集。
使用有限元参数分析，工程师设法建模了十二个实心，腔和复合面板配置的耐火。由于发现墙密度是避免燃烧爆发的关键，因此该团队提出了岩厂应在下一代可居住的3D印刷房屋中用作绝缘材料，以使其尽可能防火。
Fire safety in 3D printed homes
利用混凝土3D打印，现在可以在自由形式的设计中制造复杂的建筑物，而无需使用一次性支撑。实际上，通过回收添加剂生产模板such as that developed byBigrep和BASFsubsidiaryForward AM，据估计，建筑公司可以将相关废物减少多达60％。
Compared to conventional construction, concrete 3D printing also yields substantial cost and lead time benefits, thus the technology is increasingly being used to build commercial properties as well. The小组, for instance, is3D打印三层公寓在德国，ICON最近列出了一个添加剂制造的家在奥斯丁住房市场上。
但是，混凝土3D打印可能开始发挥其建筑潜力，但是关于产生结构的火灾性能的研究很少。鉴于居住住宿的趋势以及每年在美国境内数千人死亡的事实，该团队现在已经开发了一种模型，用于将3D打印住房持有与正常物业相同的安全标准。
Standardizing flame-retardancy testing
根据研究人员的说法，3D印刷墙的耐火性取决于许多因素，包括材料成分，密度和面板厚度，以及它们的配置和绝缘材料，但在过去，评估这些因素涉及通过昂贵和昂贵和的破坏性测试大火耗时的试验。
Instead, in their study, the engineers sought to investigate the flame retardancy of 3D printed concrete walls numerically, based on the outcomes oftesting at Stellenbosch University去年。在Stellenbosch，一组研究人员将八个不同的矩形样品加热到300°C，发现添加剂制成的混凝土的孔隙率使其与常规铸造的等效物相比，它不易出现破裂。
In order to turn this heat-transfer data into firm conclusions, the UK-led team used ABAQUS software to create 2D and 3D Finite Element (FE) models, and once validated against the original study’s results, deployed them to determine fire-resistance of non-load-bearing panels in five different densities, four wall thickness, and three configurations, including prototypes with integrated Rockwool insulation.
Interestingly, the team’s FE model revealed that wall density rather than thickness is key to achieving the highest possible insulation fire rating, while using Rockwool to pack the cavities of unfilled panels was found to improve their flame retardancy significantly, allowing them to last for up to five hours at high temperatures and retain up to 45% of their mass.
“[Our] novel composite 3D printed concrete wall configuration demonstrated a significant enhancement of insulation fire rating with a negligible increment on total weight,” concluded the team in their paper. “Therefore, novel composite non-load bearing wall configurations are proposed to be employed in construction, to achieve superior insulation fire ratings with substantial material savings.”
Concrete’s AM applications
While concrete 3D printing is often deployed for house-building purposes, the technology’s flexibility has also made it useful within other large-scale construction applications. UsingCOBOD’sconcrete-based technology,GE可再生能源和LafargeHolcimhave announced their intention to buildrecord-tall wind turbine towers.
同时，图标已将其专有技术借给了NASA’s Artemis Generationprogram, who in turn, have used it to 3D print an experimentallunar landing padfor future space missions. The novel device features an internal geometry that’s designed to direct lunar dust outward, reducing its susceptibility to turbulent cosmic dust storms.
从传统上讲，混凝土AM被用作建设可持续基础设施的一种手段，例如由破纪录的行人桥建造BAM和Weber Beamix在荷兰。完成后，该结构将长度近97英尺，跳动Tsinghua大学86-foot bridge in Shanghai, reportedly making it the largest of its kind in the world.
The researchers’ findings are detailed in their paper titled “创新的3D印刷混凝土复合墙板的火灾性能 - 数值研究。这项研究是由Thadshajini Suntharalingam，Perampalam Gatheeshgar，Irindu Upasiri，Keerthan Poologanathan，Brabha Nagaratnam，Marco Corradi和Dilini Nuwanthika共同撰写的。
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Featured image shows a 3D printing construction site. Image via the Case Studies in Construction Materials journal.
