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Today, CrAMmed details the latest applications for 3D printed molds from theMing Chi University of Technology;3D printed microfluidic circuitry for medical devices and pharmaceuticals from the University of Maryland; as well as 3D printed medicine for young adults from St. John’s University.
Investigations integrating additive manufacturing in various sectors can also be found from academic institutions such as the University of Grenoble, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)和我nstitute for Technology and Innovation Management(TIM) RWTH Aachen University.
Materials & 3D printed injection molds
来自the Department of Mechanical Engineering (ME) atMing Chi University of Technology(MCUT) in Taiwan have created a wax filament with improved mechanical properties using3D printed injection moldsand dies.
根据这项研究，注射成型过程中的冷却时间消耗了整个成型周期的60-80％。但是，具有共形冷却通道的模具can promote temperature uniformity in the plastic materials, improve part quality, and shorten cycle times.
Considering this, the MCUT team used aStratasys Uprint 3D打印机and ABS to create a mold with easy removal that would produce a low-cost and low-melting long wax filament. From this mold, a silicone injection mold was created to fabricate the filament.
The researchers found that from both 3D printed and conventional molds, wax filament fabricated from the silicon molds displayed improved surface-quality, high tensile strength, and high bending curvature. Nonetheless, the team states that 3D printed molds “are very practical and provides the greatest application potential in the precision rapid tooling industry.”
“Development and application of a conformal cooling channel with easy removal and smooth surfaces,” is published inSpringer Link。的研究h paper is led by Professor Chil-Chyuan Kuo.
Engineers fromNazarbayev Universityin Kazakhstan have explored the ability to predict micromechanics in composite 3D printing materials. As defined by the researchers, “micromechanics studies the relationship between the macroscopic engineering parameters and the microscopic distribution of material constituent.”
Using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) in theMATLAB程序，工程师创建了一种可以分析复合材料属性的算法。这项调查旨在创建一个过程，可以在其中分析此类材料以在3D打印中进行最佳使用。
的研究hers found that their algorithm was more effective than the alternative mathematical method, Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
“Composite Materials Property Determination by Rule of Mixture and Monte Carlo Simulation” isIEEE Xplore。本研究论文的第一作者是加兹兹·耶尔博拉特（Gaziz Yerbolat）的助理研究员。
Snehal Sharad Kamble, a technical officer at the Indian paint company,Kansai Nerolac Paints Ltdhas discussed the potential for chitin, a naturalamino polysaccharide (polymeric carbohydrate molecules) for 3D bioprinting and food preservation.
“Chitin and chitosan polymer: A review of recent advances and prospective applications” is published inChemarc。
此外，发表在Springer Link在一项题为“The trends and challenges of fiber reinforced additive manufacturing。”
The first named author of this paper is Ismail Fidan, Professor of Manufacturing Technology atTennessee Tech University。
3D printing and nanoelectronics
来自University of Maryland（UMD）创建了所说的是第一个3D打印的流体电路元件“如此小，以至于10可以放在人头发的宽度上。”该二极管使流体能够沿单个方向移动，这对于直接释放疗法直接释放到体内的可植入设备所需。
“就像缩小电路彻底改变了电子产品领域一样，能够大大降低大小的能力3D printed microfluidic circuitrysets the stage for a new era in fields like pharmaceutical screening, medical diagnostics, and microrobotics,” said Ryan Sochol, an assistant professor in mechanical engineering and bioengineering at UMD’s A. James Clark School of Engineering.
Sochol, along with graduate students Andrew Lamont and Abdullah Alsharhan, outlined their strategy in the paper “New 3D nanoprinting strategy opens door to revolution in medicine, robotics“ 出版于Nature。
Engineers from theSingapore University of Technology and Design(SUTD) andShanghai Jiao Tong Universityin China (SJTU) have 3D printed a fast-response, stiffness tunable (FRST) soft actuator which can complete a softening-stiffening cycle within 32 seconds.
“We combine a commercial inkjet multimaterial 3D printing technology with the direct-ink writing approach to fabricate our fully printed FRST actuator,” said Assistant Professor Qi (Kevin) Ge from SUTD’s Science and Math Cluster, who is one of the co-leaders of this project.
“The stiffness tunability is provided by an embedded SMP [shape memory polymer] layer, and the fast response is enabled by embedded heating and cooling elements.”
In its stiff state, the FRST actuator can perform load-carrying tasks. A robotic gripper was integrated with three FRST actuators. The gripper was able to lift weights spanning from less than 10g to up to 1.5 kg. The researchers are now exploring the mechanical and thermal-electrical behaviors of the FRST actuator for additional industrial applications.
“Multimaterial 3D printing used to develop fast response stiffness-tunable soft actuator”is published in高级功能材料。
来自University of Grenoble, France, have proposed a new thermal simulation method to determine energy input in beam trajectories in powder bed additive manufacturing. According to the study,“Controlling thermal history is a key factor for the success of an additive manufacturing operation.”
“Thermal history depends on manufacturing strategies i.e., beam path and energy input. Energy input and beam path, are determined by either very simple models at the machine site or complex and time-consuming finite element models.”
Using an abacus based simulation, the team found that the precision of the results regarding simulated temperature was 4.48% higher than by the finite element method.
“Rapid Thermal Simulation of Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing” is published inIEEE Xplore。FrédéricVignat是本研究论文的第一作者。
相似地，a team from Germany’s技术与创新管理学院(TIM)RWTH Aachen University,have developed anintegrative profitability model for a holistic assessment of Laser-Powder Bed Fusion.
的研究h,“Introducing a Holistic Profitability Model for Additive Manufacturing: An Analysis of Laser-powder Bed Fusion”is publishedIEEE Xploreand is led by Frank Piller a professor of technology and innovation management at RWTH Aachen University.
Exploring 3D printing in medicine
来自Cardiovascular Lab at theGeorge Washington University(GWU) have investigated the effects of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) concentration on cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts, which are used to 3D print heart tissue.
The scientists found that cell survival within 3D printed cardiomyocyte-laden GelMA constructs were more sensitive to extruder pressure and GelMA concentrations than within 3D fibroblast-laden GelMA constructs.
“Use of GelMA for 3D printing of cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts” is publishedFuture Medicine。The first author of this study is Priyanka Koti, a Graduate Student atCornell Universityand researcher from theCardiovascular Lab, GWU.
A team from the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,St. John’s Universityin New York, have explored the potential of 3D printing customized minicaplets of baclofen – amedication used to treat spasticity– for the pediatric population.
Using baclofen loaded filaments in FFF additive manufacturing, the researchers found that minicaplets printed in a diamond (fast) infill pattern with 100% infill showed high disintegration time of 38 minutes, compared to linear, sharkfill and hexagonal patterns. The team concluded that “low cost FDM 3D printing technique[s] can be a promising alternative for preparation of dose and release customized pediatric dosage forms.”
“Application of 3D printing technology and quality by design approach for development of age-appropriate pediatric formulation of baclofen” is published inScienceDirect。Siddhant Palekar, aPhD圣约翰大学的学生领导研究。
In the research paper “Compatibility in Microstructural Optimization for Additive Manufacturing”, a team from theDelft University of Technology(TU Delft), have sought to optimize the process of 3D printing graded microstructures.
“Microstructures with spatially-varying properties such as trabecular bone are widely seen in nature, the study explains.
“These functionally graded materials possess smoothly changing microstructural topologies that enable excellent micro and macroscale performance. A challenging aspect in the computational design of such materials is ensuring compatibility between adjacent microstructures.”
的研究h found that by optimizing the mechanical properties of compound cells and individual cells in a 2D design first, microstructures ensures material connectivity for subsequent 3D printing medical processes.
Eric Garner, a PhD researcher at TU Delft is the first author of this research paper.
来自University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, have combined 3D生物打印和机器人辅助的微创手术技术可治疗软骨缺陷。使用远程运动中心（RCM）和“粘性材料挤出3D打印”，科学家认为该方法可用于膝盖的焦点软骨缺陷。
It was deduced that the RCM mechanism is “feasible with viscous material extrusion 3D printing processes, without a major trade-off in imprint quality.”
“Robotic-assisted 3D bio-printing for repairing bone and cartilage defects through a minimally invasive approach” is published inStrathprint。
Moreover, in the international research paper “Emergence of three dimensional printed cardiac tissue: Opportunities and challenges in cardiovascular diseases“ 出版于Bentham Science，科学家审查了current advancements and future prospects of 3D bioprinting.
该研究的第一作者是Nitin b . Charbea PhD researcher in the Department of Pharmacological Sciences,University of Milan。
3D printed mash potatoes
伊曼·丹卡（Iman Dankar），农业食品技术与工程学博士研究员，Polytechnic University of Catalonia, has explored the capabilities of 3D printing mash potatoes with food additives.
“本文的主要目的是通过表征材料混合物的物理，化学，微结构和流变特性来确定和优化最佳挤出3D打印和最佳最终产品的理想条件。”
Dankar found that agar and alginate additives solidified the potato puree, however, glycerol and lecithin had the opposite effect. This research is believed to demonstrate the capabilities of using 3D printing to produce customized food with tailored texture and nutritional content, with minimal waste.
Dankar’s study is entitled, “Study and Characterization of Microstructural and Physio-chemical properties of potato products for 3D Food Printing。”
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Featured image shows the CrAMmed logo over packing created from Chitin and chitosan polymers. Photo via Chemarc.
