来自全球领先大学的3D印刷专家使我们了解了2019年的增材制造业。
3D Printing Industry asked professors at universities including UC Berkeley, Cranfield University, University of Birmingham and Columbia University to tell us about some of the new additive manufacturing research developments and about the advances they would like to see in 2019.
If you want to knowwhat 3D printing industry leaders are forecasting for 2019，然后阅读我们的详细文章。
迈克尔·皮奇（Michael Petch），，，，3D Printing Industry: Please can you tell our readers about some of the recent work and developments in your research relating to additive manufacturing/3D printing?
Prof. Kate Fox，，，，RMIT University School of Engineering
在RMIT大学的添加剂制造中心，我们在涉及各种行业和合作伙伴的添加剂制造方面进行了大量的研究工作。一个例子，我们针对更好的3D产品的设计和制造优化工作。
我们有一个强大的研究主题医疗植入物s where we are finding that our lattice based medical implant technology can be designed to better resemble the hard tissue in terms of its stress and strain properties. We are also looking at the development of new printable implant materials with new titanium alloys and even new materials to bio-interfaces like diamond. We continue down the path in just-in-time implant technology where we aim to fabricate and print an implant over a very short time period. Outside of medical applications we are looking at the properties of Inconel lattices as well as cladding and repair technology.
Prof. Hayden Taylor，加州大学伯克利分校机械工程系
与我们的合作者一起Lawrence Livermore National Lab我们展示了一个新的3D打印过程类别，该过程灵感来自计算机断层扫描原理（CT）。CT在3D成像中广泛使用，但在制造之前尚未应用。
With our new process, computed axial lithography (CAL), we have shown that it is possible to create 3D objects rapidly in photopolymers by exposing the material to a time-sequenced set of light projections from different angles (typically >1000 projections) that are computed from a 3D model of a desired component. Advantages include the ability to print into a wider range of materials than in layer-based processes (from very high-viscosity resins to soft hydrogels), the ability to print overhanging structures without solid support (the liquid is the support; we have shown unsupported spans up to 25 mm); and the ability to print around pre-existing solid objects. The work is reported inScience。
Prof. Dr. Paul Dalton，，，，University of Wuerzburg, Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry
我使用一种称为的技术来处理具有微观特征的对象的高分辨率3D打印融化电工(derived from electrostatic writing). It uses an electrohydrodynamic phenomenon that allows fluid columns to be established at low flow rates by charging the fluid to prevent jet break-up. When using melts, these fluid jets cool and solidify into microscale structures not attainable with microextrusion technologies. For example, the minimum printing resolution for FDM is around 50µm, while melt electrowriting can go from 0.8µm up to 100µm and change this size during a print with a single nozzle. It is a new class of additive manufacturing with an exciting future, that is particularly well suited as a porous objects for biomedical engineering and in filtration applications.
威尔·博利教授波士顿大学机械工程系
Recently I have worked on a variety of really exciting projects on printing new materials and devices for soft robotics, electronics, and optics. These projects include liquid crystal elastomers for use as strong soft actuators, hybrid 3D printing of soft conductors with rigid integrated circuit components for soft electronics, and high operating temperature direct ink writing (HOT-DIW) of eutectic architectures for optical applications.
Aric Rindfleisch教授，约翰·琼斯（John M. Jones）营销教授，执行董事伊利诺伊州Makerlab，，，，University of Illinois
We are doing research on how people react to 3D printed objects. We are finding that people who see an object (such as bottle opener) being printed display higher levels of satisfaction and a higher willingness to pay compared to people who just receive the object without seeing it printed. This is a very consistent and robust effect. Our research suggests that this effect is due to a higher level of mindfulness about the 3D printing process. Thus, we call it “Making Mindfulness.”
Filomeno Martina博士，，，，Senior Lecturer in Additive Manufacturing, WAAMMat programme manager, Cranfield University
2018年，我们在各种金属合金中生产了几个大型主要结构。最重要的结果包括使用创新的本地屏蔽设备，具有集成和专有的监视传感器，例如激光干涉仪，能够监视能够监视的激光干涉仪，包括2m x 1.5m x 0.5m x 0.5m航空航天框架，在TI64中，构建了占地式框架，例如激光干涉仪存放在原位和实际沉积过程中。
此外，还成功建造和测试了下一代航天器的原型压力容器，高度为1m，质量为40 kg。所有这些零件都是通过我们自己开发的新CAM软件进行编程和构建的。要点是工具路径的生成中的自动化，以及所有过程参数的自动计算，它们在工具路径本身周围也有所不同，以达到100％密度，没有缺陷和正确的几何形状，如Cad文件。
这在大型AM领域闻所未闻，这是快速工业接送所需的关键要素。否则，AM运营商将需要数年的时间来学习如何成功使这些大部分成功。今年，我们将通过我们的新衍生产品来商业上提供这个新软件和高级硬件WAAM3D，向所有希望建造出色金属零件的人经过15年的专业知识。
Prof. Joshua M. Pearce，，，，Richard Witte Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, Professor Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Director:Michigan Tech Open Sustainability Technology Lab，，，，Michigan Technological University
This last year, the Michigan TechOpen Sustainability Technology Research Group继续使用开源3-D打印机来制造高端科学设备，例如低成本微型操纵器和老虎机死了depositions systems for semiconductors. The latter can replace $4000 devices for a 25 cent 3-D printed part. We also completed a major study on the3-D打印零件的化学兼容性so they could be used for more advanced chemistry in extreme environments like those found in clean rooms.
On the opposite end of the spectrum, we have been doing a lot to make 3-D printing with recycled materials easier. We have developed a largely 3-D printable device, called a可重新循环蛋白机器人，，，，which can turn waste plastic into valuable high-quality 3-D printing filament. This makes a lot of economic sense – as for example we have 3-D printede-waste into expensive camera equipment。
为该系统喂养并允许复合材料（例如废木塑料复合材料我们也有一个开源的3-D打印的颗粒剂。AM制造公司re:3Dteamed up with us to show that you can print directly from recycled pellets, granules, particles and regrind withfused particle fabrication 3-D printers。这种类型的系统将3-D印刷材料的成本降低到每公斤的便士。这在发展中国家和humanitarian crisis response以及打印非常大的物体。我们仍在使用低成本金属3D打印机来取得进展3-D printed axe。
马阿塔兹教授阿塔拉，，，，The Advanced Materials Processing Lab. (AMPLAB), IRC in Materials Processing School of Metallurgy & Materials, University of Birmingham
Additive manufacturing of functional structures and materials started to show its potential; the use of 4D printing to generate structures that harness its functionality from both the shape and material. 4D printing involves using 3D printing to generate a structure that changes with time when affected by an external stimulus. As such, the printed material needs to be a functional (smart) material.
2016年，我们发表了一份有关AM辅助（负泊松比）形状内存合金（Tini-Alloy）的报告。由于发生的相变，锡尼合金在暴露于温度时会改变形状。以前，这是利用它们用于执行器和自我扩展/充气结构的利用。使用3D打印，我们可以创建更复杂的结构。从这项工作开始，我们从EPSRC获得了资金，用于从事基于Tini的Alloy的3D打印；这些结构将在动脉中膨胀以清除狭窄。该项目正在合作和Loughborough and Manchester Metropolitan universities。
我们也去过在职的在3D打印of magnetic materials for magnetic shielding for quantum metrology applications.
We have alsopublishedAfewreports在3D打印药物分解医疗植入物上。
Prof.霍德·利普森，机械工程与数据科学，纽约市哥伦比亚大学
我们将研究重点放在两个相对尚未在商业上探索的领域，在这些领域中，长期的学术视野使我们能够集中精力。一个区域是食品印刷，尤其是多型，再加上使用激光的内联烹饪。虽然食物印刷仍然很新生，但我相信它是AM的理想选择：复杂，需求，消耗性和在家。实际上，大多数人在家中没有生产任何东西，但是每个人都在做食物。当您将健康应用与生物识别技术和个人医学相结合时，这尤其令人兴奋。
我们关注的第二个区域是用嵌入式电子产品打印。弄清楚如何制造复杂的，集成的功能系统而不是被动零件是具有挑战性的，并且超出了行业地平线。但是，一旦解决了这一问题，我们就可以打开许多新的机会。
Ands finally, the combination of AI and AM is a match made in heaven. Many CAD companies are exploring this, but the pie is huge.
Prof.Amit Bandyopadhyay，，，，Herman and Brita Lindholm Endowed Chair Professor, Fellow NAI, WSAS, AAAS, AIMBE, ASM and ACerS, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University
在过去的三十年中，AM或3D打印技术开发集中在一个制造业中生产简单而复杂的形状。在某些情况下，使用拓扑优化可以将多个部分合并为一个重新设计的部分。但是，在大多数情况下，这些零件可以通过传统的制造过程（也许使用多个步骤）制造，并且AM用于节省时间，主要用于低容量生产或设计优化。
第二年和接下来的十年，AM将在无法完成的区域中使用AM的应用，否则在单个操作中为AM设计并制造了零件。这将在多物质AM的帮助下发生，在零件中，零件内的构图将根据所需的属性 /性能而变化。在我们的工作中，我们正在研究如何使用AM操作将多种金属/合金或金属与陶瓷合并。如果成功，这种方法将删除当前实践的各种金属零件的连接操作。我坚信，这就是未来十年将有机地增长的方式。
迈克尔·皮奇（Michael Petch），，，，3D Printing Industry: What advances related to additive manufacturing/3D printing would you like to see in 2019?
Prof. Kate Fox，，，，RMIT University School of Engineering
2019年,我希望看到更多的创造力和诠释ion in additive manufacturing, particularly in medical devices and implants. As new materials and designs continue to flood the academic literature, I hope to see more in vivo assessments of the technology and uptake outside academia. How these additive implants will hold up long term in the human body remains the great unknown.
Prof. Hayden Taylor，加州大学伯克利分校机械工程系
I think the time is probably ripe for more advanced software to plan and control photopolymer 3D printing processes in sophisticated ways. While I expect to see increased interest in volumetric additive techniques for polymers, the more established layer-based photopolymer 3D printing processes will of course continue to receive a lot of attention. There has been some exciting recent progress in process technology (例如two-wavelength initiation/inhibition of the crosslinking reaction）可能会推动软件开发。Some opportunities for process-planning algorithms could include temporally evolving grayscale illumination at the edges of components to lessen the ‘stair-step’ effect, and proximity correction algorithms to enable objects with highly heterogeneous feature sizes and spatial densities to be created (analagous to the software used in semiconductor photolithography). I think there is scope for independent software developers and open-source contributions in this area. I also expect to see a lot of innovation in process technology to enable multi-material patterning within layer-based photopolymer printing.
Prof. Dr. Paul Dalton，，，，University of Wuerzburg | JMU · Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry
我很高兴看到增材制造技术的更多多样性，而不是对已经建立的数十年来的增量改进。从学术的角度来看，新的添加剂制造技术对于在各种应用程序中开放新的壁ni至关重要。一个例子是几年前从大学出来的剪辑/DLS的出现，并迅速发展为初创企业。Carbon3D已经开发了用于工业应用的剪辑/DLS。
I also have an educational responsibility to ensure that students in my additive manufacturing course have a full appreciation for the diverse additive manufacturing options as well as appreciating the long-term development and evolution of such manufacturing processes. Therefore sessions such as TCT-Rapid in Detroit in May that showcase emerging AM technologies, are important to further innovation within industry.
威尔·博利教授波士顿大学机械工程系
This year I would like to see advancements in 3D printing of stimuli responsive materials (i.,e., 4D printing) with more complexity and autonomy. I would also like to see functional printing brought to the classroom with hands-on experiences. I am working toward both of these goals, and am excited to see how other people in the community are doing this.
Aric Rindfleisch教授，约翰·琼斯（John M. Jones）营销教授，执行董事伊利诺伊州Makerlab，，，，University of Illinois
It would be great if the speed of FDM desktop 3D printing could be enhanced. Perhaps this could be done by developing filaments that cool faster. This would greatly increase the appeal and competitiveness of 3D printing. It would also be helpful if there were more consumer-focused applications (such asadidas futurecraft）可以显示每天消费者3D打印的好处。
Filomeno Martina博士，，，，Senior Lecturer in Additive Manufacturing, WAAMMat programme manager, Cranfield University
In 2019 we will push hard on four fronts:
教育，随着崭新的推出MSc in Metal Additive Manufacturing(with the support of Erasmus+) in September 2019
Commercialisation of our technology, to make our inexpensive large-scale process available to industry. Our main products will be CAM software for large-scale AM; specialist hardware; approved consumables; and of course training and support for the many industry partners who wish to implement our AM process
研究中，我们将继续开发新的方法来实现超过效率更好的财产，F.I。使用过程中的冷工工作；并开发下一代的定向 - 能源沉积过程，以净形几何形状实现10 kg/h。我们还正在研究一个基于物理的资格框架，该框架将避免使用昂贵的配置控制方法（在其中锁定原料，机器和参数），否则今天就采用了该方法。借助我们的新方法，应该有可能更快，廉价地获得资格，并以工业接送为巨大的好处。
Demonstrator parts, by pushing the limits even further with even bigger parts, f.i. a 170 kg primary rib for a commercial aircraft.
Prof. Joshua M. Pearce，，，，Richard Witte Professor of Materials Science & Engineering, Professor Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Director:Michigan Tech Open Sustainability Technology Lab，，，，Michigan Technological University
In 2019, I would like to see the continuedexponential rise in the number of free and open source 3-D printable designs。随着这些设计扩散并增加了复杂性increases the valueof everyone’s 3-D printer, which should continue to move sales forward for all companies, but particularly those offering desktop systems for real distributed manufacturing. This sharing ethic led by the 3-D printing community will continue to expand in the rest of the population.
I also think we will start to see a lot of new markets open up – so for example, 3-D printers will become more common in physical and occupational therapy offices as well as nursing homes to help printcustom adaptive aids for arthritis patients。看来这将是休息一年颗粒打印机这可以直接从碎屑材料和颗粒中直接打印出比细丝低4-20倍的碎片。我们仍然几乎没有刮过现代材料的聚宝盆表面，例如可以适应3-D打印的复合材料。我希望在学术文献以及商业上为各种三维打印机的商业文献中都有许多不同的新材料。最后，我只是开了开源3-D打印课程Wikiversity。
任何人都可以免费接受它，任何学者都可以借用其中的一些（或全部）在自己的学校教授3-D打印。我希望明年这对每所学校都有3D打印课程有所帮助 - 但如果没有，我们仍然有2020年。
马阿塔兹教授阿塔拉，，，，The Advanced Materials Processing Lab. (AMPLAB), IRC in Materials Processing School of Metallurgy & Materials, University of Birmingham
I would like to see the cost of 3D printing systems to drop significantly, to enable many developing nations to work on this technology. I have given talks about 3D printing in several countries which are still finding it too difficult to invest in expensive
machinery (e.g.Brazil，，，，Egypt). I would like to machine developers to consider how to make the technology more affordable.
我还希望看到有关处理金属3D打印（以及在某种程度上）处理浪费的更严肃的讨论。金属粉末很难回收，甚至很难分开。我希望看到制造商，粉末生产，与学者和科学家并肩作业，以开发零废物粉末添加剂制造的方法。这些机器的浪费很难处理，包括在水或油基过滤器中形成的污泥，以及无法再回收的粉末。
Prof.霍德·利普森，机械工程与数据科学，纽约市哥伦比亚大学
Cheaper metal printing.
Prof.Amit Bandyopadhyay，，，，Herman and Brita Lindholm Endowed Chair Professor, Fellow NAI, WSAS, AAAS, AIMBE, ASM and ACerS, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University
I would like to see advancement in CAD for multi-materials AM. I would also like to see more machine learning approaches embedded in AM technology.
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特色图片显示了一个空心的3D印刷钛合金物，加热钻石涂层是福克斯博士研究中的演示。通过RMIT大学的照片。
