A group of researchers from the特拉萨基生物医学创新研究所,俄亥俄州立大学和Pennsylvania State Universityhave developed a specially-formulated bio-ink designed for 3D bioprinting tissue directly in the body.
该团队开始了该项目，以克服体外组织工程程序的缺点，这给患者带来了增加的风险，并在植入后可能会出现进一步的并发症。
进一步调用Westworld-like imagery, the researchers propose that the bio-ink formula to build the tissue can be applied via direct robotic 3D printing technology within the body itself. Potential applications for the bioink and 3D printing technique, explain the team, lies in biofunctional hernia repair meshes, improving ovary functions, the 3D printing of complex cell-laden scaffolds for restoring tissue/organ function, and the delivery of drug-loaded or growth factor tethered biomaterials.
“Developing personalized tissues that can address various injuries and ailments is very important for the future of medicine,” comments Ali Khademhosseini, an author on the study.
“The work presented here addresses an important challenge in making these tissues, as it enables us to deliver the right cells and materials directly to the defect in the operating room.”
3D打印中组织工程的方法
研究人员首先解释了当前的组织工程范式，该范式集中于制造体外生物材料支架，然后通过开放手术植入。
与3 d印刷在地中海上发挥着越来越重要的作用icine and surgical procedures, this in vitro condition has also applied to the different ways in which 3D printing is used in the medical sector. For example, 3D printing has been used to produce parts of the body such as骨科关节和假肢，它们被捏造在身体上。许多示例强调了3D打印的优势带来了骨科程序；去年，来自佛罗里达州圣彼得堡的铁工人罗伯特·史密斯（Robert Smith）成为第一个接受的人3D打印的指骨植入物在美国，运营太复杂了。
根据Terasaki研究所的说法，3D打印也可用于生产和恢复部分骨骼，皮肤和血管，这些骨骼，皮肤和血管通常是在体内外部的一个设备中创建的手术植入.
However, the in vitro method of surgical implantation often involves making large surgical incisions, posing the added risk of infection and increased recovery time for the patient. Furthermore, there is a time lapse between when the tissue is created and when it is implanted in the patient, which can cause further complications to occur. To prevent these complications, the group of researchers sought to develop a technology for 3D printing tissues directly in the body.
3D printing the tissue in vivo
为了产生工程组织，需要两个基本组成部分：由与活细胞混合的框架材料组成的生物互联，以及帮助细胞生长并发展成再生组织的生长因子。
Developing tissues for direct implantation into the body necessitates further considerations, including the construction of tissue at body temperature (37°C), and identifying a method for effectively attaching the tissue to soft, live organ tissue. Furthermore, any procedural steps should not be harmful to the patient, however one such harmful step in current methods is the application of harmful UV light necessary to solidify the constructed tissue. Ali Asghari, first author on the study, explains that “This bio-ink formulation is 3D printable at physiological temperature, and can be crosslinked safely using visible light inside the body.”
取而代之的是，为了建立组织，研究人员确定了机器人3D打印的使用，该印刷使用了用喷嘴固定的机器人机械。然后，可以以高度精确的可编程方式通过喷嘴分配生物墨水。
研究人员测试了3D打印技术和生物互联，研究了将其生物墨水形成的组织片段连接到软表面上的方法。这些实验包括使用机器人3D打印机和专门成型的生物墨水将组织结构连接到生鸡条上，同时还开发了一种新型的互锁机制。
研究小组修改了喷嘴尖端，以便能够穿透生鸡的柔软的表面，并在撤出时用生物墨水填充刺穿的空间。这有助于建立组织结构的锚点。当喷嘴尖端到达表面时，它分配了一个额外的生物墨水斑点，以“锁定”锚。Asghari Adib说：“互锁机制使脚手架在患者体内的软组织底物上更强。”
该论文得出结论，可以在生理相关和安全的条件下打印3D的生物材料是通过直接处理3D打印的体内组织工程的必要组成部分。“在这项研究中，通过将流变学修饰符引入Gelma，我们开发了一种配方，该配方在37°C下可打印到复杂形状，并可以使用安全，可见的光线交联系统在原位进行交联。”
组织工程中的这种进步有助于提供组织修复程序的低风险，最低侵入性的腹腔镜选择。这将提高患者的安全性，并节省时间和更具成本效益。组织工程设计的进一步修改和其他条件的调整可能会增加定制的潜力。
The paper, “直接 - 写入3D打印和基于胶质的生物材料的体内组织工程的表征,” is written by Ali Khademhosseini, Ph.D., David J Hoelzle, Ph.D., Amir Sheikhi, Ph.D., Melika Shahhosseini, Andrej Simeunovic, Ph.D., Shuai Wu, Carlos Castro, Ph.D., and Ruike Zhao, Ph.D. It is published in生物制造.
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